Elasticsearch快速入门,掌握这些刚刚好! | 字数总计: 3.8k | 阅读时长: 17分钟 | 阅读量:
记得刚接触 Elasticsearch 的时候,没找啥资料,直接看了遍 Elasticsearch 的中文官方文档,中文文档很久没更新了,一直都是2.3的版本。最近又重新看了遍6.0的官方文档,由于官方文档介绍的内容比较多,每次看都很费力,所以这次整理了其中最常用部分,写下了这篇入门教程,希望对大家有所帮助。
Elasticsearch是一个基于Lucene的搜索服务器。它提供了一个分布式的全文搜索引擎,基于restful web接口。Elasticsearch是用Java语言开发的,基于Apache协议的开源项目,是目前最受欢迎的企业搜索引擎。Elasticsearch广泛运用于云计算中,能够达到实时搜索,具有稳定,可靠,快速的特点。
# Windows下的安装# Elasticsearch
安装中文分词插件,在elasticsearch-6.2.2\bin目录下执行以下命令;
1 elasticsearch-plugin install https://github.com/medcl/elasticsearch-analysis-ik/releases/download/v6.2.2/elasticsearch-analysis-ik-6.2.2.zip
运行bin目录下的elasticsearch.bat启动Elasticsearch;
# Kibana
运行bin目录下的kibana.bat,启动Kibana的用户界面
# Linux下的安装# Elasticsearch
下载elasticsearch 6.4.0的docker镜像;
1 docker pull elasticsearch:6.4.0
1 sysctl -w vm.max_map_count=262144
1 2 3 4 5 6 docker run -p 9200:9200 -p 9300:9300 --name elasticsearch \ -e "discovery.type=single-node" \ -e "cluster.name=elasticsearch" \ -v /mydata/elasticsearch/plugins:/usr/share/elasticsearch/plugins \ -v /mydata/elasticsearch/data:/usr/share/elasticsearch/data \ -d elasticsearch:6.4.0
启动时会发现/usr/share/elasticsearch/data目录没有访问权限,只需要修改该目录的权限,再重新启动即可;
1 chmod 777 /mydata/elasticsearch/data/
1 2 3 4 docker exec -it elasticsearch /bin/bash #此命令需要在容器中运行 elasticsearch-plugin install https://github.com/medcl/elasticsearch-analysis-ik/releases/download/v6.4.0/elasticsearch-analysis-ik-6.4.0.zip docker restart elasticsearch
# Kibina
1 docker pull kibana:6.4.0
1 2 3 4 docker run --name kibana -p 5601:5601 \ --link elasticsearch:es \ -e "elasticsearch.hosts=http://es:9200" \ -d kibana:6.4.0
# 相关概念
Near Realtime(近实时):Elasticsearch是一个近乎实时的搜索平台,这意味着从索引文档到可搜索文档之间只有一个轻微的延迟(通常是一秒钟)。
Cluster(集群):群集是一个或多个节点的集合,它们一起保存整个数据,并提供跨所有节点的联合索引和搜索功能。每个群集都有自己的唯一群集名称,节点通过名称加入群集。
Node(节点):节点是指属于集群的单个Elasticsearch实例,存储数据并参与集群的索引和搜索功能。可以将节点配置为按集群名称加入特定集群,默认情况下,每个节点都设置为加入一个名为elasticsearch的群集。
Index(索引):索引是一些具有相似特征的文档集合,类似于MySql中数据库的概念。
Type(类型):类型是索引的逻辑类别分区,通常,为具有一组公共字段的文档类型,类似MySql中表的概念。注意:在Elasticsearch 6.0.0及更高的版本中,一个索引只能包含一个类型。
Document(文档):文档是可被索引的基本信息单位,以JSON形式表示,类似于MySql中行记录的概念。
Shards(分片):当索引存储大量数据时,可能会超出单个节点的硬件限制,为了解决这个问题,Elasticsearch提供了将索引细分为分片的概念。分片机制赋予了索引水平扩容的能力、并允许跨分片分发和并行化操作,从而提高性能和吞吐量。
Replicas(副本):在可能出现故障的网络环境中,需要有一个故障切换机制,Elasticsearch提供了将索引的分片复制为一个或多个副本的功能,副本在某些节点失效的情况下提供高可用性。
# 集群状态查看
1 2 epoch timestamp cluster status node.total node.data shards pri relo init unassign pending_tasks max_task_wait_time active_shards_percent 1585552862 15:21:02 elasticsearch yellow 1 1 27 27 0 0 25 0 - 51.9%
1 2 ip heap.percent ram.percent cpu load_1m load_5m load_15m node.role master name 127.0.0.1 23 94 28 mdi * KFFjkpV
1 2 3 health status index uuid pri rep docs.count docs.deleted store.size pri.store.size green open pms xlU0BjEoTrujDgeL6ENMPw 1 0 41 0 30.5kb 30.5kb green open .kibana ljKQtJdwT9CnLrxbujdfWg 1 0 2 1 10.7kb 10.7kb
# 索引操作
1 2 PUT /customer GET /_cat/indices?v
1 2 3 4 health status index uuid pri rep docs.count docs.deleted store.size pri.store.size yellow open customer 9uPjf94gSq-SJS6eOuJrHQ 5 1 0 0 460b 460b green open pms xlU0BjEoTrujDgeL6ENMPw 1 0 41 0 30.5kb 30.5kb green open .kibana ljKQtJdwT9CnLrxbujdfWg 1 0 2 1 10.7kb 10.7kb
1 2 DELETE /customer GET /_cat/indices?v
1 2 3 health status index uuid pri rep docs.count docs.deleted store.size pri.store.size green open pms xlU0BjEoTrujDgeL6ENMPw 1 0 41 0 30.5kb 30.5kb green open .kibana ljKQtJdwT9CnLrxbujdfWg 1 0 2 1 10.7kb 10.7kb
# 类型操作
1 GET /bank/account/_mapping
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 { "bank": { "mappings": { "account": { "properties": { "account_number": { "type": "long" }, "address": { "type": "text", "fields": { "keyword": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } }, "age": { "type": "long" }, "balance": { "type": "long" }, "city": { "type": "text", "fields": { "keyword": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } }, "email": { "type": "text", "fields": { "keyword": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } }, "employer": { "type": "text", "fields": { "keyword": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } }, "firstname": { "type": "text", "fields": { "keyword": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } }, "gender": { "type": "text", "fields": { "keyword": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } }, "lastname": { "type": "text", "fields": { "keyword": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } }, "state": { "type": "text", "fields": { "keyword": { "type": "keyword", "ignore_above": 256 } } } } } } } }
# 文档操作
1 2 3 4 PUT /customer/doc/1 { "name": "John Doe" }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 { "_index": "customer", "_type": "doc", "_id": "1", "_version": 1, "result": "created", "_shards": { "total": 2, "successful": 1, "failed": 0 }, "_seq_no": 3, "_primary_term": 1 }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 { "_index": "customer", "_type": "doc", "_id": "1", "_version": 2, "found": true, "_source": { "name": "John Doe" } }
1 2 3 4 POST /customer/doc/1/_update { "doc": { "name": "Jane Doe" } }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 { "_index": "customer", "_type": "doc", "_id": "1", "_version": 2, "result": "updated", "_shards": { "total": 2, "successful": 1, "failed": 0 }, "_seq_no": 4, "_primary_term": 1 }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 { "_index": "customer", "_type": "doc", "_id": "1", "_version": 3, "result": "deleted", "_shards": { "total": 2, "successful": 1, "failed": 0 }, "_seq_no": 2, "_primary_term": 1 }
1 2 3 4 5 POST /customer/doc/_bulk {"index":{"_id":"1"}} {"name": "John Doe" } {"index":{"_id":"2"}} {"name": "Jane Doe" }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 { "took": 45, "errors": false, "items": [ { "index": { "_index": "customer", "_type": "doc", "_id": "1", "_version": 3, "result": "updated", "_shards": { "total": 2, "successful": 1, "failed": 0 }, "_seq_no": 5, "_primary_term": 1, "status": 200 } }, { "index": { "_index": "customer", "_type": "doc", "_id": "2", "_version": 1, "result": "created", "_shards": { "total": 2, "successful": 1, "failed": 0 }, "_seq_no": 0, "_primary_term": 1, "status": 201 } } ] }
# 数据搜索
查询表达式(Query DSL)是一种非常灵活又富有表现力的查询语言,Elasticsearch使用它可以以简单的JSON接口来实现丰富的搜索功能,下面的搜索操作都将使用它。
# 数据准备
首先我们需要导入一定量的数据用于搜索,使用的是银行账户表的例子,数据结构如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 { "account_number": 0, "balance": 16623, "firstname": "Bradshaw", "lastname": "Mckenzie", "age": 29, "gender": "F", "address": "244 Columbus Place", "employer": "Euron", "email": "bradshawmckenzie@euron.com", "city": "Hobucken", "state": "CO" }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 POST /bank/account/_bulk { "index": { "_id": "1" } } { "account_number": 1, "balance": 39225, "firstname": "Amber", "lastname": "Duke", "age": 32, "gender": "M", "address": "880 Holmes Lane", "employer": "Pyrami", "email": "amberduke@pyrami.com", "city": "Brogan", "state": "IL" } ......省略若干条数据
导入完成后查看索引信息,可以发现bank索引中已经创建了1000条文档。
1 2 health status index uuid pri rep docs.count docs.deleted store.size pri.store.size yellow open bank HFjxDLNLRA-NATPKUQgjBw 5 1 1000 0 474.6kb 474.6kb
# 搜索入门
最简单的搜索,使用match_all来表示,例如搜索全部;
1 2 3 4 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "match_all": {} } }
分页搜索,from表示偏移量,从0开始,size表示每页显示的数量;
1 2 3 4 5 6 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "match_all": {} }, "from": 0, "size": 10 }
搜索排序,使用sort表示,例如按balance字段降序排列;
1 2 3 4 5 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "match_all": {} }, "sort": { "balance": { "order": "desc" } } }
搜索并返回指定字段内容,使用_source表示,例如只返回account_number和balance两个字段内容:
1 2 3 4 5 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "match_all": {} }, "_source": ["account_number", "balance"] }
# 条件搜索
条件搜索,使用match表示匹配条件,例如搜索出account_number为20的文档:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "match": { "account_number": 20 } } }
文本类型字段的条件搜索,例如搜索address字段中包含mill的文档,对比上一条搜索可以发现,对于数值类型match操作使用的是精确匹配,对于文本类型使用的是模糊匹配;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "match": { "address": "mill" } }, "_source": [ "address", "account_number" ] }
短语匹配搜索,使用match_phrase表示,例如搜索address字段中同时包含mill和lane的文档:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "match_phrase": { "address": "mill lane" } } }
# 组合搜索
组合搜索,使用bool来进行组合,must表示同时满足,例如搜索address字段中同时包含mill和lane的文档;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "bool": { "must": [ { "match": { "address": "mill" } }, { "match": { "address": "lane" } } ] } } }
组合搜索,should表示满足其中任意一个,搜索address字段中包含mill或者lane的文档;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "bool": { "should": [ { "match": { "address": "mill" } }, { "match": { "address": "lane" } } ] } } }
组合搜索,must_not表示同时不满足,例如搜索address字段中不包含mill且不包含lane的文档;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "bool": { "must_not": [ { "match": { "address": "mill" } }, { "match": { "address": "lane" } } ] } } }
组合搜索,组合must和must_not,例如搜索age字段等于40且state字段不包含ID的文档;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "bool": { "must": [ { "match": { "age": "40" } } ], "must_not": [ { "match": { "state": "ID" } } ] } } }
# 过滤搜索
搜索过滤,使用filter来表示,例如过滤出balance字段在20000~30000的文档;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 GET /bank/_search { "query": { "bool": { "must": { "match_all": {} }, "filter": { "range": { "balance": { "gte": 20000, "lte": 30000 } } } } } }
# 搜索聚合
对搜索结果进行聚合,使用aggs来表示,类似于MySql中的group by,例如对state字段进行聚合,统计出相同state的文档数量;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GET /bank/_search { "size": 0, "aggs": { "group_by_state": { "terms": { "field": "state.keyword" } } } }
嵌套聚合,例如对state字段进行聚合,统计出相同state的文档数量,再统计出balance的平均值;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 GET /bank/_search { "size": 0, "aggs": { "group_by_state": { "terms": { "field": "state.keyword" }, "aggs": { "average_balance": { "avg": { "field": "balance" } } } } } }
对聚合搜索的结果进行排序,例如按balance的平均值降序排列;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 GET /bank/_search { "size": 0, "aggs": { "group_by_state": { "terms": { "field": "state.keyword", "order": { "average_balance": "desc" } }, "aggs": { "average_balance": { "avg": { "field": "balance" } } } } } }
按字段值的范围进行分段聚合,例如分段范围为age字段的[20,30] [30,40] [40,50],之后按gender统计文档个数和balance的平均值;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 GET /bank/_search { "size": 0, "aggs": { "group_by_age": { "range": { "field": "age", "ranges": [ { "from": 20, "to": 30 }, { "from": 30, "to": 40 }, { "from": 40, "to": 50 } ] }, "aggs": { "group_by_gender": { "terms": { "field": "gender.keyword" }, "aggs": { "average_balance": { "avg": { "field": "balance" } } } } } } } }
# 参考资料https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/6.0/getting-started.html